Adler & Adler Blog

The gross estate includes the value of any interest in property transferred by decedent during lifetime, if the enjoyment of the interest was subject to any change through the exercise of a power by the donor to alter, amend, revoke or terminate, which power was in effect as of the date of the donor’s death…

Under Internal Revenue Code §2041 the gross estate includes property as to which decedent held a general power of appointment as of the date of her death. A power of appointment is essentially the right to designate who is to own certain specified property. The person who holds the power technically does not own the…

Internal Revenue Code section §2042 deals with the inclusion in the gross estate, of the proceeds of life insurance policies, payable by reason of the death of the insured. In general, the insurance proceeds are includable in the gross estate if the proceeds are: (i) receivable by or for the benefit of the decedent’s estate,…

Internal Revenue Code §2040 sets forth rules dealing with the extent to which property which a decedent co-owned with one or more other parties is includable in decedent’s gross estate. The rules differ, depending upon the form of joint ownership and whether the co-owners are husband and wife. Tenants In Common Tenancy in common is…

Decedents who died prior to 1982 were subject to a rule requiring that any property transferred by gift within three years prior to the transferor’s death had to be included in the gross estate of the deceased transferor, at its date-of-death value (even though the transferor may have had no ownership interest or retained rights…

The federal estate tax is based upon the decedent’s “gross estate.” While the term “gross estate” refers primarily to the property which the decedent owned as of the date of his death, it includes certain other property with which the decedent had a connection, as discussed in a series of blog posts (see links to…

A transfer to a surviving spouse who is not a U.S. citizen will not qualify for the marital deduction. An exception is made, allowing the marital deduction, in cases where the surviving spouse becomes a U.S. citizen between the date of decedent’s death and the day on which the estate tax return is file, if…

In general terms, Internal Revenue Code Section (“I.R.C. §”) 2036 requires the inclusion in the gross estate of property which the decedent, while living, had transferred as a gift (i.e., without adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth), but in which he retained for himself a beneficial interest to last for the rest…

If one of the social purposes of taxing wealth per se is to prevent massive accumulations within families, this theoretically could be accomplished through a tax on net worth which could be imposed periodically, without regard to the death of the property owner or the passage of the property to others. However, the U.S. system…

Generally speaking a hardship distribution from a 401(k) can be made if there is an immediate and heavy financial need of the employee, the employee’s spouse, or the employee’s dependent. Whether a need is immediate and heavy depends on facts and circumstances. The law and Treasury Regulations provide that certain expenses are assumed to be…